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• Introduction
• The issues:
  • Should political units directly parallel ethnic units? (Goldstein)
  • Is Tibet historically part of China?
    • What is "Tibet" (maps)
    • Tibet proper )"Political Tibet"
      • 2.1 million
      • Tibetans ruled to 1959
      • A Chinese autonomous region
    • Greater Tibet
      • 2.3 million
      • Tibetans majority, but seldom ruled.
      • Tibetan government in exile refers to this as "Tibet."
  • How did Tibet become "Chinese"?
    • Unified 7th century a.d.
    • disunfied 9th century (Bon vs. Buddhism)
    • Became theocracy
    • 13th century submitted to Mongols (Yuan dynasty of China)
      • Tibetans say were conquered
      • Chinese say entered into deal with Mongols; Mongols ruled, protected "Red Hat" lamaism.
      • 1409 Ganden monastery produced reform movement, "Yellow Hat."--Dalai Lama was its reincarnate Lama.
        • Mongols awarded title Dalai
    • But succeeding dynasty, Ming (1368-1644) didn't rule directly
    • Manchu Qing much stronger
      • 5th Dalai died in 1682
      • Successor governments got involved in Mongol politics which threatened Qing.
      • King of Tibet placed himself under Manchu support to win a Tibetan political quarrel.
        • 1729 Manchu conquered it militarily, supporting 7th Dalai Lama
        • Also whittled away Tibetan territory and encorporated parts into China.
        • Chinese reps had varying levels of control in Tibet. (Ambans)
        • But as Qing weakened, Tibet grew more autonomous; Chinese rule increasingly symbolic.
        • British, out of India, grew more influential.
          • 1904 captured Lhasa
          • 1906 London and Beijing agreed on status of Tibet; reaffirmed Chinese control, Chinese agreed to keep others out.
        • 1912 Qing fell; New government, Republic of China, declared a multi-ethnic modern state, including Tibet.
          • Britain imposed controls over China. Simla convention, 1914
          • Annexed part of Tibet to India
        • Tibet had a reform government in 1920's but this threatened theocracy, so 13th Dalai Lama gutted reform.
        • Japanese invasion of China distracted China.
        • In WW II, U.S. Britain, considered Tibet part of China.
      • ROC collapsed 1949; October 1950, China "liberated" or "reconquered" Tibet.
        • 1959, Tibetans rebelled. (CIA involved since 1957)
          • Dalai Lama fled to India.
          • By 1966 U.S. recognized Chinese control.
          • Chinese smashed Buddhism, attacked cultural roots of traditional Tibetan society.
          • Since 1980, Chinese trying to be more sensitive to world and Tibetan opinion.
    • Tibetan Autonomous Region
  • Does China treat Tibet properly?
    • Economically?
      • Net gain in terms of investment from China
    • Culturally?
      • By whose standards?
      • Cultural autonomy, political control
    • Tibetans abroad have gone to an international human rights strategy, appealing to values of Global civic culture.
    • Problem is "Greater Tibet."
    • Dalai Lama says he wants only autonomy, not independence. Not satisfactory to many.
  • If not China, who should govern Tibet?
    • Dalai Lama?
    • Red Hats?
  • What happens after 9-11?
    • U.S. essentially trying to freeze status quo; wants Chinese help. Tibetans are big losers.

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